The TCP/IP reference model consists of 4 layers, every with a particular set of protocols and capabilities. These layers are:
- Application Layer: This is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP model and is answerable for offering network services to the user. It includes protocols together with HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
- Transport Layer: This layer is chargeable for setting up give up-to-cease connections between hosts and for the dependable transmission of records throughout the community. It includes protocols inclusive of TCP and UDP.
- Internet Layer: This layer is answerable for routing facts between hosts across exceptional networks and for providing logical addressing. It consists of protocols such as IP and ICMP.
- Network Interface Layer: This is the bottom layer of the TCP/IP model and is chargeable for transmitting information over a bodily network link. It includes protocols including Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
Together, those layers offer a framework for records transmission throughout networks using a hard and fast of standardized protocols. The TCP/IP model is extensively used in contemporary networking, consisting of the net, and is an essential tool for network engineers and administrators.