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IGNOU MCO-06 Important Questions Download in English Medium
| S.No | Read These Question |
| 1 | Discuss the scope of marketing research in terms of its applications in various marketing decision |
| 2 | Explain the steps involved in the process of product positioning. Give suitable examples to support your answer. |
| 3 | Differentiate between products and services. Discuss the interdependence of products and services. |
| 4 | Discuss the basic methods of price determination and their advantages and limitations. |
| 5 | Discuss the steps involved in the personal selling process. |
| 6 | Differentiate between product and service. Discuss various challenges in marketing of services. |
| 7 | Discuss various factors you should keep in mind while determining the price of the product. Also explain methods of pricing |
| 8 | “Channels of distribution are different for different products”. Discuss. |
| 9 | Discuss the various steps involved in the personal selling process. |
| 10 | What is marketing management ? Discuss the steps involved in the marketing management process. |
| 12 | ‘‘Market segmentation, targeting and positioning are inter-related.’’ Discuss each one of them with examples. |
| 13 | Explain the various stages of new product development process, giving suitable examples. |
| 14 | What is a channel conflict ? Identify the causes of channel conflict and suggest remedies for them. |
| 15 | What are factors considered in designing channel of distribution in case of FMCG products ? Discuss. |
| 16 | Discuss in detail, the evolution process of Marketing Philosophy. How is marketing process handled ? |
| 17 | Explain the total system approach to marketing logistics. What are its strengths and weaknesses ? |
| 18 | Explain the rules relating to display of retail prices. Discuss the features responsible for failure of new products. |
| 19 | What do you mean by re-sale price maintenance ? Discuss briefly the legal provisions for its regulation in India. |
| 20 | What is marketing information system ? Explain the components of marketing information system. |
| S.No | Read These Question |
| 1 | “No single medium of advertising is ideal in all 20 respects.” Discuss with examples. (June, 2011) Answer:Haan, yahi sach hai ki koi ek medium advertising sab 20 respects mein ideal nahi hoti. Har medium ke apne advantages aur limitations hote hain, aur kisi specific product ya service ke liye koi ek medium sabse best nahi ho sakti. Chaliye, kuch examples dekhte hain: Television advertising: TV advertising ke sath sath reach aur impact ka bahut jyada fayda hai, lekin iske sath sath high cost aur short duration bhi hai. Print advertising: Print advertising, jaise newspapers aur magazines mein, product ya service ke details show karne ke liye ideal ho sakti hain, lekin iske sath sath limited reach aur low impact hai. Outdoor advertising: Outdoor advertising, jaise hoardings ya bus shelters mein, local market mein product ya service ke bare mein awareness badhane mein helpful ho sakti hai, lekin ye short-lived aur limited demographic reach ke karan limited impact deti hai. Digital advertising: Digital advertising, jaise online display ads ya social media ads, cost-effective aur targeted reach ke karan bahut popular hai, lekin ye ad-blockers aur saturation ke karan less effective ho sakti hai. In sabhi examples se samajh mein aata hai ki, no single medium sab 20 respects mein ideal nahi hoti, aur har product ya service ke liye alag mediums ke combination ka use kiya jana chahiye, taki maximum reach aur impact paaya jaa sake. |
| 2 | Describe the various micro and macro environmental factors that influence the marketing decisions of a company and state the benefits of environmental scanning. (June, 2012) Answer:Marketing ke decisions ke liye bahut se micro aur macro environmental factors hote hai, jinpar companies focus karti hai. Micro environmental factors, company ke direct control me hote hai, jaise suppliers, distributors, customers aur competitors, while macro environmental factors, jinpar company ke control me nahi hote, jaise economic, technological, political aur cultural factors. Micro environmental factors: a. Suppliers: Companies apne suppliers ke performance aur capabilities ko monitor karti hai, kyunki ye unke ability par depend karti hai, ki wo high quality aur cost-effective raw materials provide kar sake. b. Distributors: Companies apne distributors ke performance aur services ko monitor karti hai, jisse unke products reach kar sake customers tak. c. Customers: Companies apne customers ke needs, preferences aur behaviours ko understand karti hai, aur unke according apne products aur services design karti hai. d. Competitors: Companies apne competitors ke strategies, products aur pricing ko monitor karti hai, jisse unhe apne competitive advantage maintain karne me madad mile. Macro environmental factors: a. Economic: Companies apne target market ke economic conditions ko monitor karti hai, jaise income levels, inflation aur interest rates, jisse unhe apne pricing aur promotions strategies accordingly set karne me madad mile. b. Technological: Companies apne products aur services ke technology ko update karti hai, jisse unhe customers ke changing needs aur expectations ke according compete kar sake. c. Political: Companies political stability aur government regulations ko monitor karti hai, jisse unhe unke business ke liye suitable operating environment maintain kar sake. d. Cultural: Companies apne target market ke cultural norms aur values ko understand karti hai, jisse unhe apne products aur services design karne me madad mile. Environmental scanning, ek process hai, jisme companies apne internal aur external environment ko monitor karti hai, aur unke changes ke according apne strategies adjust karti hai. Iska benefits: a. Companies apne competition ke strategies aur market conditions ke according adjust kar sakti hai. b. Companies apne customers ke changing needs aur expectations ke according apne products aur services improve kar sakti hai. c. Companies apne internal operations aur resource allocation ko improve kar sakti hai, jisse unhe cost-effectiveness aur efficiency improve karne me madad mile. d. Companies apne business ke future ke liye proactively plan kar sakti hai, jisse unhe opportunities aur threats ke according react karne me madad mile. |
| 3 | What is channel conflict ? Explain its various causes and the mechanisms for effective conflict management. (June, 2012) Answer:Channel conflict ka matlab hai ki company ki product ya service sell karne ke liye responsible different levels ya types ke distribution channels ke beech tension ya disagreement paida ho jati hai. Channel conflict different distribution channel ke members ke beech, jaise wholesaler aur retailer ke beech, ya different types ke channels ke beech, jaise online aur brick-and-mortar stores ke beech ho sakti hai. Channel conflict ke kai common causes hai: Competing priorities: Alag-alag channels ke different goals aur objectives ho sakte hai, jo conflicting interests paida karte hai. Jaise, wholesaler volume ke liye margins se important le sakta hai, jabki retailer margins ke liye volume se important le sakta hai. Unfair competition: Ek channel dusre channel se unfair competition karte hue nazar aa sakta hai, jaise ke price undercut karke ya customers ke liye better terms aur conditions offer karke. Channel duplication: Ek channel dusre channel ke efforts duplicate karne ke nazar aa sakta hai, jo confusion aur same customers ke liye competition paida kar sakti hai. Brand dilution: Ek channel dusre channel ke product ya service ke lower quality ya subpar customer experience ke wajah se brand dilute kar rahe hue nazar aa sakte hai. Effective conflict management ke liye, companies ye mechanisms implement kar sakti hai: Clear communication and expectations: Alag-alag channels ke beech clear aur open lines of communication establish karna miscommunication aur conflict escalation se bachane me madad karta hai. Fair compensation and incentives: Har channel ke efforts ke liye fair compensation hona aur incentives align hona conflict hone ke chances ko kam karne me madad karta hai. Joint planning and cooperation: Channels ko common goals aur strategies ke liye saath me work karne ko encourage karna trust banane aur conflict reduce karne me madad karta hai. Performance monitoring and feedback: Regularly har channel ke performance monitor karna aur feedback dena potential conflicts ke escalate hone se pahle identify aur address karne me madad karta hai. Mediation and negotiation: Communication aur collaboration ke zariye resolve nahi ho sakte hue cases me, companies disputes resolve karne ke liye mediation ya negotiation ki jarurat ho sakti hai. |
| 4 | Discuss various objectives of pricing.(December, 2012) Answer:Pricing is a crucial aspect of marketing and can have a significant impact on a company’s success. Companies set prices for their products and services to achieve a range of objectives, including: Maximising profit: One of the main objectives of pricing is to maximise profit. Companies set prices to ensure that they are generating enough revenue to cover their costs and earn a profit. Competitor analysis: Companies also consider their competition when setting prices. They may look at what their competitors are charging and adjust their prices accordingly to remain competitive. Market positioning: Pricing can also be used to position a company’s products and services in the market. For example, premium prices can be used to position a product as high-quality, while lower prices can be used to position a product as value-oriented. Product life cycle: Companies may also adjust their prices based on where a product is in its life cycle. For example, prices may be lowered during the introduction phase to generate demand, and then increased as demand grows. Customer segmentation: Companies may also use different prices for different customer segments. For example, they may offer discounts to bulk buyers or charge premium prices for premium customers. Cost recovery: Companies may also use pricing to recover the costs associated with research and development, production, and marketing. Government regulations: Companies must also consider government regulations when setting prices. For example, there may be laws that limit the amount by which prices can be increased or decreased. In conclusion, pricing is a complex process that involves considering a range of objectives. Companies must consider their costs, competition, market position, product life cycle, customer segmentation, and government regulations when setting prices for their products and services. |
| 5 | What is the marketing information system ? Explain the major components of the marketing information system.(June, 2013) Answer:Marketing Information System (MIS) ek systematic tarika hai jisse market, customers aur competitors ke baare mein data collect kiya ja sake aur marketing ke decisions ke liye support kiya ja sake. MIS companies ko apne market, customers aur competitors ke baare mein data collect karne aur uss information ko apne marketing strategies mein use karne mein madad karti hai. MIS ke major components hai: Data collection: Yeh market research studies, customer surveys aur sales data jaise bahut saare sources se data gather karna hota hai. Data analysis: Yeh raw data ko useful information banane ke liye statistical aur doosre analytical tools ka use karna hota hai. Yeh market segmentation, consumer behaviour patterns aur competitor activities ke analyse karne jaise kam kar sakta hai. Information dissemination: Yeh jin logon ko information chahiye hota hai unhe distribute karna hota hai, jaise marketing managers, sales representatives aur product development teams. Marketing decision support system (DSS): Yeh marketing managers ko informed decisions lene mein madad karne ke liye technology ka use karna hota hai. Yeh customer relationship management (CRM), market research aur data analysis jaise software tools ho sakti hai. Well-designed MIS ke saath companies ko ensure kiya ja sakta hai ki ve informed marketing decisions lene ke liye jana chahiye information access kar sakte hai. Yeh unhe competition ke aage rahne, new opportunities identify karne aur apne target customers ke liye tailor made marketing strategies develop karne mein madad kar sakta hai. |
| 6 | Explain the various product-price adjustment strategies. How does resale price maintenance practice work in India ? (December, 2014) Answer:Product-Price Adjustment Strategies ke kai tarah ke hote hain jo vyavsayik sanstha apne product aur service ke price ko nirbhar karne ke liye use karte hain: Cost Plus Pricing: Is strategy mein vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye uske khud ke banane ya bechne ke liye lagne wale kharche ko add karke price set karta hai. Value Based Pricing: Is strategy mein vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye uske samaj ke liye fayde ko dhyan mein rakhta hai aur uske hisab se price set karta hai. Penetration Pricing: Is strategy mein vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye initially low price set karta hai aur uske baad usko badhata hai. Skimming Pricing: Is strategy mein vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye initially high price set karta hai aur uske baad usko kam karta hai. Resale Price Maintenance Practice: Resale Price Maintenance Practice ek aisa vyavsayik prayaas hai jisme vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye reseller ke dwara bechne wale price ko control karta hai. India mein Resale Price Maintenance Practice ke liye vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye reseller ke dwara bechne wale price ko control karne ke liye Competition Commission of India ke dwara dene naye niyam aur kanoon ke paalan mein aana hota hai. Resale Price Maintenance Practice ke jariye vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye price ko control karke uske bechne ke liye mahatvapurn hai. |
| 7 | Define market targeting and explain the procedure on how to target different markets ? (June, 2015) Answer:Market Targeting: Market Targeting ek aisa vyavsayik prayaas hai jisme vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye specific market segment ko target karta hai. Market Targeting ke jariye vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye specific market segment ke hisab se design, develop, aur position karta hai. Market Targeting ke procedure: Market Segmentation: Sabse pehle vyavsayik sanstha market ko segment karna hota hai jisme vah apne product ya service ko target karna chahta hai. Market Segmentation ke liye vyavsayik sanstha demographic, psychographic, aur behavioural information ko use karta hai. Market Evaluation: Market Segmentation ke baad vyavsayik sanstha market segments ko evaluate karta hai aur unke size, growth, aur profitability ko dhyan mein rakhta hai. Market Selection: Market Evaluation ke baad vyavsayik sanstha market segments ko select karta hai jisme vah apne product ya service ko target karna chahta hai. Market Positioning: Market Selection ke baad vyavsayik sanstha apne product ya service ke liye specific market segment ke hisab se design aur position karta hai. In tariko se vyavsayik sanstha different market segments ko target kar sakta hai aur apne product ya service ke liye market mein successful ho sakta hai. |
| 8 | Describe how to establish the initial “approximate price level” using demand oriented, cost – oriented, profit – oriented and competition oriented approaches. (December, 2015) Answer:“Approximate price level” ko establish karne ke liye, kuch demand oriented, cost-oriented, profit-oriented aur competition oriented approaches ka istemal kiya ja sakta hai. Niche diye gaye hai ye charo approaches aur unke usage ke bare mein jaankari: Demand Oriented Approach: Is approach mein, company apne products ki demand ko evaluate karta hai aur uske according price set karta hai. Kuch techniques jaise Penetration Pricing, Skimming Pricing aur Premium Pricing jaise techniques demand oriented approach ka part hai. Penetration pricing mein low price set karke market mein enter kiya jata hai, Skimming Pricing mein high price set karke profit generate kiya jata hai aur Premium pricing mein high price set karke premium quality ka product sell kiya jata hai. Cost-Oriented Approach: Is approach mein, company apne product ko produce karne mein lagne wale cost ko calculate karke uss cost ke hisab se price set karta hai. Kuch techniques jaise Cost-Plus Pricing aur Markup Pricing ka istemal cost-oriented approach mein kiya jata hai. Cost-Plus Pricing mein product cost aur profit margin dono ka consideration kiya jata hai, aur Markup Pricing mein product cost ke upar fixed percentage ka markup kiya jata hai. Profit-Oriented Approach: Is approach mein, company apne desired profit ko set karta hai aur uske according product price set karta hai. Is approach mein kuch techniques jaise Target Return Pricing aur Break-Even Pricing ka istemal kiya jata hai. Target Return Pricing mein desired profit ko achieve karne ke liye price set kiya jata hai, aur Break-Even Pricing mein product cost ke hisab se price set kiya jata hai, jisse company apne cost recover kar sake. Competition-Oriented Approach: Is approach mein, company apne competitors ke products aur unke prices ko evaluate karta hai aur uske according apne product ke price ko set karta hai. Kuch techniques jaise Going-Rate Pricing aur Sealed Bid Pricing ka istemal competition-oriented approach mein kiya jata hai. Going-Rate Pricing mein competitors ke price ko consider karke price set kiya jata hai, aur Sealed Bid Pricing mein competitive bidding process ka istemal kiya jata hai. In charo approaches ke through, initial approximate price level set kiya ja sakta hai. Company ko apne products aur target market ke according best suited approach ka istemal karna chahiye. |
| 9 | Identify the steps involved in segmenting and targeting markets. Explain the different factors used to segment Industrial markets. (June, 2016) Answer:Market segmentation aur targeting ke steps niche diye gaye hai: Market Segmentation Steps: Identifying the market: Sabse pehle company ko identify karna hai ki unki target audience kaun hai, aur unke needs aur preferences kya hai. Market research: Ek baar market identify karne ke baad, company ko market research karni chahiye jisse unhe market trends aur consumer behaviour ke bare mein pata chale. Identifying segments: Market research ke basis par, company ko different market segments ko identify karna chahiye jisme similar needs aur preferences wale customers shamil hai. Evaluating segments: Company ko different segments ko evaluate karna chahiye aur unke potential aur profitability ko analyse karna chahiye. Selecting target segments: Company ko decide karna chahiye ki kaun sa segment unke business goals ke liye best hai, aur unhe target karna chahiye. Developing a marketing mix: Target segments ke according company ko apne products aur services ko customise karna chahiye aur unke liye ek suitable marketing mix tayyar karna chahiye. Factors used to segment industrial markets: Customer size: Industrial markets mein customer size ek important factor hai, kyunki bade customers ki needs aur preferences alag hote hai chote customers se. Customer location: Location aur geographical factors bhi industrial market segmentation ke liye important hai, kyunki kuch industries specific geographical areas mein concentrated hote hai. Industry: Industry-specific factors bhi market segmentation ke liye important hai, kyunki different industries ke customers ke needs aur preferences alag hote hai. Customer behaviour: Industrial customers ke behaviour ke basis par bhi market segmentation kiya ja sakta hai. For example, kuch customers price sensitive hote hai, toh unhe value-based pricing strategy se attract kiya ja sakta hai. Purchasing process: Purchasing process bhi market segmentation ke liye important hai, kyunki kuch customers direct purchasing karte hai aur kuch third-party vendors se purchase karte hai. In factors ke basis par industrial markets ko different segments mein divide kiya ja sakta hai, aur unhe target kiya ja sakta hai. |
| 10 | Explain the various stages involved in the new product development process with suitable examples. Also state the reasons responsible for the failure of a new product. (December, 2016) Answer:New product development process, ek systematic approach hai jismein companies apne new products ko research, design, development, testing aur launch karne ke liye steps follow karte hai. New product development ke process mein kuch key stages hote hai jaise ki: Idea generation: Is stage mein, companies apne new product ideas ko generate karte hai. Yeh ideas, internal aur external sources ke through generate kiye jate hai jaise ki market research, customer feedback, employee suggestions, aur competitive analysis. For example, Apple’s iPhone was an idea generated through the company’s market research and customer feedback. Idea screening: Is stage mein, companies apne generated ideas ko evaluate karte hai aur un mein se unke best ideas ko select karte hai. Is stage mein, companies apne ideas ko feasibility aur viability ke hisab se evaluate karte hai. For example, Google’s Glass project was an idea that was eventually screened due to feasibility issues. Concept development: Is stage mein, companies apne selected idea ko detailed design aur concept develop karte hai. Is stage mein, companies apne product ke concept ko develop karte hai, including design, features, aur target audience. For example, Tesla’s Cybertruck was a concept that was developed through detailed design and concept development. Product development: Is stage mein, companies apne selected product ke prototype ko develop karte hai. Is stage mein, companies apne product key features, design, aur functionality ko finalize karte hai. For example, Microsoft’s Xbox was a product that went through extensive product development stages. Test marketing: Is stage mein, companies apne new product ko selected markets mein launch karte hai, jisse wo customer feedback ko collect kar sakte hai. Is stage mein, companies apne product key pricing, promotion, aur distribution strategies ko finalize karte hai. For example, McDonald’s often tests their new products in select markets before a nationwide launch. Commercialization: Is stage mein, companies apne product ko final launch karte hai. Is stage mein, companies apne product key manufacturing, distribution, aur sales ke liye prepare karte hai. For example, Apple’s iPhone was commercially launched in 2007. New product failure ki kuch key reasons hote hai jaise ki insufficient market research, competition, pricing issues, marketing failures, aur product design and functionality issues. In sabhi reasons ke through, new product development process ke failures ko analyse kiya ja sakta hai aur unse seekha ja sakta hai, jisse future products ko optimise kiya ja sake. |
| S.NO | Short Questions |
| 1 | Total system approach to marketing logistics |
| 2 | Integrated marketing communication |
| 3 | Role of sales force in relationship marketing |
| 4 | Direct channel of distribution |
| 5 | Integrated marketing communication |
| 6 | Resale price maintenance |
| 7 | Reasons for failure of new products |
| 8 | Mass customisation |
| 9 | Relationship Marketing |
| 10 | Functions of Middlemen |
| 11 | Direct marketing |
| 12 | Functional middlemen |
| 13 | Resale price maintenance |
| 14 | Product life cycle |
| S.NO | Short Questions |
| 1 | “Selling and marketing mean the same in the context of marketing.” Comment. (June, 2011) Answer:Selling aur marketing dono ek hi cheez hai marketing context mein? Is baat ka jawab haan aur na dono ho sakte hain. Selling aur marketing alag alag concepts hain, lekin unka ultimate goal ek hi hota hai – product ya service ko customer tak pahuchana. Marketing process mein selling bhi included hoti hai, lekin selling process mein marketing nahi hoti. To yeh accurate nahi hai ki selling aur marketing mean the same. |
| 2 | Explain the inter-relationship between market segmentation, targeting and positioning. (June, 2011) Answer:Market segmentation ka matlab hai market ko chhote-chhote groups mein baantna, jo ke consumers ke similar needs ya characteristics ke aadhar par hoga. Ye companies ko ek saath bade undifferentiated market ko target nahi karna padta, balki har group ke liye alag marketing strategy banane ka mauka deta hai. Targeting ka matlab hai, kisi ek ya adhik segments ko select karna aur uske liye ek marketing mix develop karna. Companies decide karti hain ki konsi segments unko customer needs ko profitably satisfy karne ke liye best opportunity deti hai. Positioning ka matlab hai, brand, product ya service ke liye consumer ke dimaag mein ek unique image aur identity banane ka process. Ye marketing mix craft karna hota hai, jo dusre offerings se differentiate ho, taki target consumer ke dimaag mein alag aur desirable position establish ho sake. So, inhe teeno concepts ke beech sambandh is tarah samajh sakte hain: Market segmentation target markets ko identify karne ke liye basis banata hai aur positioning un target markets ko appeal karne ke liye marketing mix ke development ko guide karta hai. |
| 3 | Perceived Value pricing Answer:Perceived Value pricing ya phir “Perceived value ke hisab se pricing” ek aisa pricing strategy hai, jisme companies apne products aur services ke value ke consumers ke perception ke according set karte hain, rather than actual cost of production ya competitor prices. Is strategy ka use karne se companies apne products ke unique value proposition aur brand image ko highlight kar sakte hain, aur consumers ko apne products ke worth ke according charge kar sakte hain. For example, luxury fashion brands apne products ke high quality aur brand image ke according high prices set karte hain, jisse consumers unke products ko exclusive aur valuable maan sakte hain. Perceived value pricing strategy successful hote waqt, |
| 4 | Price – demand relationship Answer:Price-demand relationship ya phir “Price aur demand ke beech sambandh” ek aisa concept hai, jisme product ya service ke price aur uski demand ke beech ka relationship understand kiya jata hai. Ye concept is baat par based hai ki price increase karne se demand decrease hoti hai, aur price decrease karne se demand increase hoti hai. For example, agar koi company apne product ke price increase karti hai, to isse uski demand decrease hogi aur customers ke paas alternative products mil jayenge, jisme better value mil rahi ho. Isi tarah, agar company apne product ke price decrease karti hai, to isse demand increase hogi aur customers product ke price aur quality ke according attract hongi. Price-demand relationship important hai, kyunki ye companies ko apne products ke prices set karne ke liye guide karti hai, aur unhe unke target market aur competition ke according adjust karne ke liye mauka deti hai. |
| 5 | Compare and contrast departmental stores with chain stores. (June, 2012) Answer:Departmental stores aur chain stores dono hi retail businesses hai jo consumer products bechte hai. Magar unme kuch differences hai jo niche batayi gayi hai: Departmental stores: Ek departmental store mein multiple departments hote hai, jisme fashion, home goods, electronics, beauty products, aur bhi bahut saare products hote hai. Departmental stores usually large-sized physical stores hai jisme customers ko ek wide range of products milte hai. Yeh brick-and-mortar type ke stores hai jisme customers ko hands-on experience milta hai aur woh products ko touch karke dekh sakte hai. Departmental stores mein products ke prices usually high hote hai kyunki yeh niche markets aur high-end consumers target karte hai. Chain stores: Chain stores ek franchise model ke base par operate karte hai jisme multiple stores under ek brand aur ownership hote hai. Yeh stores usually smaller-sized physical stores ya online stores hote hai. Chain stores mein products ke prices usually affordable hote hai kyunki yeh mass market aur budget-conscious consumers target karte hai. Yeh stores standardised products aur shopping experience offer karte hai jisme customer ko ek consistent experience milta hai, no matter kaunse store mein jaate hai. In conclusion, both departmental stores aur chain stores apne-apne strengths aur weaknesses ke saath hai. Departmental stores customers ko ek wide range of products aur hands-on experience offer karte hai, magar chain stores mein products ke prices affordable hote hai aur customer ko consistent shopping experience milta hai. |
| 6 | What do you mean by marketing research ? Describe the state of marketing research in India. (June, 2012) Answer:Marketing research yaani ki marketing ke bare mein data aur information gather karna, analyse karna aur interpret karna yeh process hai. Iska use company ke target market, competition aur industry ke baare mein pata lagane ke liye kiya jata hai. Isse marketing ke decisions mein madad milti hai aur companies customers ke needs, behaviours aur attitudes ke baare mein behtar samajh pate hain. India mein, marketing research ke evolution ke past few decades mein tezi se badh raha hai. Technology ke growth aur data aur analytics ka increasing use ke saath, marketing research industry sophisticated aur diverse ho gayi hai. India ke companies ne kai tarah ke marketing research methods ko use kiya hai, jisme surveys, focus groups, observational research aur data analysis shamil hai, taki consumer behaviour aur preferences ke insights hasil kar sakein. Lekin India mein marketing research ki growth ke bawajood, industry ke samne challenges bhi hain. Ek main challenge hai research methods aur data quality ke standardisation ke lack ke kaaran. Sath hi bahut se India ke companies abhi bhi technology aur data-driven research methods ke potential ko fully embrace nahi kar paa rahe hain. In challenges ke bawajood, India mein marketing research ka future bright hai, kyunki companies customer aur market ke baare mein deeper understanding hasil karne ke liye research aur analytics mein invest karte jaa rahe hain. Aane wale kal ke daur mein, India mein aur bhi innovative aur sophisticated marketing research methods develop aur use hote jayenge, jis se industry evolve aur grow rahegi. |
| 7 | “Marketing involves satisfaction of consumer needs.” Comment. (December, 2012) Answer:“Consumer ke needs ka satisfaction marketing ka hissa hai ” yeh statement bahut extent tak sach hai. Marketing customers ke needs aur wants ko identify karke, unko anticipate karne aur unka satisfaction karne wali ek process hai. Ek company ke marketplace mein success uske ability par depend karta hai ki wo apne target customers ke needs aur wants ko samajh sakti hai aur unke liye products aur services provide kar sakti hai. Modern business environment mein, customers sabhi marketing efforts ka focus hoti hai. Companies research aur analysis ke through apne customers ke needs, behaviours aur preferences ko samajhne ke liye invest karti hai aur fir unke liye products aur services develop karti hai. Marketing ka goal hai company aur customers ke beech ek mutually beneficial relationship create karna, jaha company customers ke needs ko meet karti hai aur customers company ko revenue aur loyalty dete hai. Isliye, yeh conclude kiya ja sakta hai ki consumer ke needs ka satisfaction marketing ka key component hai aur jo companies apne customers ke needs ko meet karne par focus karti hai wo long-term mein successful hongi. |
| 8 | “Repositioning needs a continuous 10 monitoring of the brand’s performance in the market.” Comment.(December, 2012) Answer:“Repositioning” ka matlab hota hai brand ke image ko market mein naye position par le jana. Iske liye, brand ke market performance ko continuous monitoring karna jaruri hota hai. Market aur customer preferences change hote rahte hai, aur brand ke performance ko regular monitoring karke, uske according naye strategies banai ja sakti hai. Yeh brand ke success aur customer loyalty ko improve karne mein madad karega. Continuous monitoring ka matlab hota hai, brand ke performance ko regular basis par check karna aur uske according changes karne ka process. Market trends aur customer preferences change hote rahte hai, isliye, brands ko apne performance ko regular basis par monitor karna hoga, taki wo apne position ko improve kar sake. In conclusion, repositioning ke liye continuous monitoring of brand’s performance in the market ek zaruri step hai. Market aur customer preferences ke changes ko dhyan mein rakhkar, brands ko apne performance ko monitor karna hoga, taki wo apne position aur customer loyalty ko improve kar sake. |
| 9 | Explain basic methods of price determination.(June, 2013) Answer:Price determination ka matlab hai ek product ya service ke liye sabse appropriate price decide karna, jispe production cost, competition, consumer demand aur company ke overall pricing strategy ke factors ka dhyaan rakha jata hai. Price determination ke kuch basic methods hain jinme se kuch hain: Cost-plus pricing: Yeh method hai product banane ya service provide karne ke cost ko determine karne ke baad, final price ke liye ek markup add karne ka. Value-based pricing: Yeh method hai product ya service ki customer ke liye jo perceived value hai uspe based price set karne ka. Is approach mein quality, brand aur customer demand jaise factors ka dhyaan rakha jata hai. Competition-based pricing: Yeh method hai competitor ke similar products ya services ke price pe based price set karne ka. Is approach se company competitive price rakh sakti hai aur industry standards ke according price rakh sakti hai. Demand-based pricing: Yeh method hai consumer demand ke level pe based price set karne ka. Is approach perishable ya seasonal products sell karne wale companies ke liye useful ho sakta hai, kyuki isme demand ke hisaab se price fluctuate ho sakta hai. In sab basic methods ke understanding ke dwara, companies informed decisions le sakti hain apne products aur services ke liye appropriate price ke bare mein, aur ensure kar sakti hain ke wo effectively apne target market ke needs ko meet kar rahe hain. |
| 10 | Intensity of Distribution Answer:Intensity of distribution, yaani product ki availability ke extent, channels of distribution ke through hoti hai. Yeh ek measure hai jiske through distribution coverage aur product key through kitne outlets se sell hota hai, yeh measure hota hai. Intensity of distribution selective se intensive tak range mein ho sakta hai, product key type, target market aur overall marketing strategy ke according. Selective distribution mein product ki availability ko sirf kuch carefully chosen outlets mein hi limit kiya jata hai, jabki intensive distribution mein product ko jitne zyada outlets possible ho, un sabhi outlets mein widely available banana hota hai. Intensity of distribution, marketing mix mein ek important consideration hai, kyunki yeh customer tak product pahunchne ke speed, cost aur efficiency ko affect karta hai. Companies ko sahi intensity level choose karni hogi taki woh effectively apne target market tak pahunch sake aur customers ke liye value create kar sake. In summary, intensity of distribution, distribution ka breadth aur product key through kitne outlets se sell hota hai yeh measure hai, aur companies ke distribution strategy ke according yeh ek important aspect hai jiska dhyan rakhna hota hai. |
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